Types of Plastic Surgery

 Types of Plastic/Cosmetic Surgery

Plastic surgery is divided into basically two different types: cosmetic and reconstructive.Reconstructive plastic surgery is used to correct abnormal structures of the body. These abnormalities are usually caused developmentally, or through tumors or diseases. Reconstructive plastic surgery is typically performed to improve functions, however it is sometimes performed where a normal appearance is desired.


Reconstructive surgery can vastly improve a patient's bodily functioning and self-esteem for simple or complex problems. Reconstructive procedures help correct congenital abnormalities such as cleft-lip and palate deformities, breast abnormalities, and webbed fingers. Acquired deformities like burns, lacerations, and tumors may also be corrected by reconstructive plastic surgery.


Cosmetic surgery is focused on the aesthetic concerns of the patient and is considered elective surgery.
Cosmetic surgery may be considered elective, but can do much to lift one's self esteem and confidence. Many cosmetic surgery patients have suffered with body image problems, endured significant teasing throughout their lives or tried many other alternatives to cope with a physical feature that they found unattractive or embarrassing.


Aesthetic plastic surgery involves techniques intended for the "enhancement" of appearance through surgical and medical techniques, and is specifically concerned with maintaining normal appearance, restoring it, or enhancing it beyond the average level toward some aesthetic ideal.

It can help diminish the signs of aging, damage from the sun, and refine features to give balance and pleasing proportion to the face and body. 

Plastic surgery can enhance a patient's appearance, and therefore, feelings of confidence. Many people who have cosmetic surgery feel that their overall life quality is improved following surgery.



Facial Plastic/Cosmetic Surgery

Face :

* Botox
* Face Lifts/Rhytidectomy
* Mini Face Lift
* Facial Implants
* Fake Eyelashes
* Forehead Lifts/Browplasty
* Blepharoplasty (Eyelid Surgery)
* Brow Lift ( EyeBrow Lift )/Forehead lift
* Eyebrow Restoration
* Eyebrow Transplant
* Dimpleplasty
* Injectable Fillers
* Dermabrasion
* Microdermabrasion
* Scar Removal
* Scar Revision
* Jaw Augmentation / Jaw Reduction/Orthognathic Surgery
* Jaw Implant
* Chin Implants / Chin Augmentation
* Genioplasty / Mentoplasty
* Cheek Augmentation/Cheek Lift/Midface Lift
* Cheek Implants
* Mammoplasty / Mammaplasty
* Cheek Reduction
* Buccal Fat Removal
* Facial Liposuction
* Mole Removal
* Laser Skin Resurfacing
* Lip Augmentation / Lip Enhancement
* Lip Reduction ( Cheiloplasty )
* Buccal fat extraction
* Fat injections
* Nose Jobs / Rhinoplasty / Nose Surgery
* Laser Treatments
* Chemical Peels
* Facial Rejuvenation ( Photo Facial )
* Intense Pulsed Light ( Photo Rejuvenation )
* Restylane
* Juvederm
* Thermage
* Hyaluronic Acid
* Collagen Injections
* Photo Rejuvenation
* Skin Tightening
* Facial Fat Grafting
* Birthmark Removal
* Threadlift
* Cryolipolysis
* Cosmetic camouflage
* Contour threads
* Botulinum Toxin
* Dermal Fillers
* Calcium Hydroxylapatite
* Polylactic Acid
* Polyalkylimide Fillers
* Subcision
* Symmastia
* Iris implants


Hair/Head :

* Hair Replacement
* Laser Hair Removal
* Hair Restoration
* Hair Transplantation

Ear :

* Otoplasty ( Ear Surgery,Ear Pinning )

Neck :

* Neck Lift
* Neck Reduction
* Cervicoplasty

Breast Procedures :

* Breast Augmentation
* Breast Reduction/Reduction Mammoplasty
* Brest Lift/Mastopexy
* Breast Implants / Boob Job
* Breast Removal
* Gynecomastia ( Male Breast Reduction )
* Male Chest Reconstruction
* Breast Asymmetry Correction Surgery
* Correction Of Inverted Nipples
* Breast Implant Revision
* Breast Reconstruction
* Nipple Reconstruction
* Benelli Lift
* Macrolane

Body Contouring

Abdomen :

* Mesotherapy
* Gastric Bypass Surgery
* Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty )
* Mini Tummy Tuck
* Abdominal Liposuction (Liposculpture)
* Panniculectomy
* Injection lipolysis
* Non-invasive ultrasonic fat removal
* Non-surgical liposuction
* Stomatoplasty
* Umbilicoplasty/Belly Button Surgery

Thigh :

* Thigh Lift ( Thighplasty )
* Inner Thigh Lift (Medial Thigh Lift)
* Outer Thigh Lift (Lateral Thigh Surgery)
* Bilateral Thigh Lift
* Thigh Liposuction ( Liposculpture )

Calf :

* Calf Augmentation
* Calf Enlargement
* Calf Reduction
* Calf Implants

Buttock/Butt :

* Buttocks Augmentation
* Buttocks Lift
* Endermologie
* Butt Implants

Arm :

* Arm Lift ( Brachioplasty )
* Arm Tuck
* Arm Reduction
* Upper Arm Lift
* Mini Arm Lift
* Bicep and Tricep Implants
* Laser Vein Treatment
* Laser Spider Vein Removal
* Sclerotherapy
* Varicose Vein Treatment
* Tattoo Removal
* Pollicization

Foot :

* Foot Augmentation
* Toe shortening



Vaginal Plastic Surgery

Vagina :

* Clitoroplasty
* Vaginoplasty
* Clitoral hood reduction
* Labiaplasty / Labioplasty
* Labia Reduction / Labia Beautification
* G-Spot Amplification
* G-Spot Augmentation
* Hymenorrhaphy ( Hymen Reconstruction Surgery )
* Hymenoplasty
* Hymenotomy
* Vaginal Rejuvenation
* Vaginal Tightening
* Vulvar Lipoplasty
* Perineoplasty
* Labia Removal
* Labia Stretching
* Labia Elongation / Labia Pulling
* Vaginectomy

Penis :

* Foreskin restoration
* Glanuloplasty
* Frenuloplasty
* Phalloplasty
* Penile augmentation surgery
* Penis enlargement

Sex reassignment surgery / Sex Change Surgery / Operation / Intersex Surgery

Sex Reassignment Surgery (female-to-male)

Masculinizing Surgical Procedures :

* Mastectomy
* Phalloplasty
* Metoidioplasty
* Male Chest Reconstruction
* Hysterectomy
* Oophorectomy / Ovariectomy
* Orchiopexy
* Gonadectomy / Orchiectomy

Sex reassignment surgery (male-to-female) :

Feminizing Surgical Procedures

* Scrotoplasty
* Breast augmentation
* Metoidioplasty
* Clitorectomy
* Clitoroplasty
* Clitoral recession
* Clitoral reduction
* Voice feminization
* Vaginoplasty
* Trachea shave
* Penectomy / Penis removal
* Penile inversion
* Orchiectomy

Top Cosmetic Surgery Trends for 2011

The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) has released its Top 10 Cosmetic Surgery Predictions for 2011. I include the link here as I think you'll enjoy reading the entire list. I find the top two predictions especially relevant to my practice and I expect to see similar trends here in my Duxbury plastic surgery practice. 1. Increase in Facial Procedures: As the economy

Curious About Breast Implants? View Our Animation Library

Dr. Hamori has added a resource library of plastic surgery animations that describe in detail many of the breast implant and breast lift surgeries she performs. They are recommended viewing for anyone considering breast augmentation surgery and can be helpful in preparing you for the options that you will go over with Dr. Hamori during your breast surgery consultation. To view the animation

Dr. Hamori on Hot Topics Panel at Plastic Surgery 2010 Annual Conference

Christine A. Hamori, MD, will be among the attendees and presenters at the 79th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons in Toronto, October 1-5, 2010. Dr. Hamori will be a panelist at the Hot Topics symposium speaking about new non-invasive treatments of the neck, hands and décolletage. We look forward to hearing more about Dr. Hamori's comments on the panel as well as new

Tummy Tuck and Liposuction Top Cosmetic Surgery Wish List

An online survey by RealSelf.com reveals that the top 2 cosmetic surgery treatments among both men and women (if price was no object) are tummy tuck and liposuction. The survey revealed that 40% of women surveyed would like a tummy tuck, while 19 percent of men would favor it (the top answer for both). Second most popular was liposuction with 26% of women responding desiring the treatment, while

Dysport™ Is Here: Competitor to Botox® Now Available

I'm pleased to announce that I am now offering Dysport™ from Medicis (makers of Restylane and Perlane), which is a "botulinum toxin" similar to Botox®. Dysport has been approved by the FDA for the aesthetic indication (glabellar lines) — for the temporary improvement in the appearance of moderate to severe glabellar lines in adults younger than 65 years of age. The active substance in Dysport is

Tissue Expansion

Introduction

Tissue expansion relies on the ability of skin and soft tissues to generate in response to tension. In plastic surgery, tension is generated by implanting a subcutaneous balloon (expander) that is inflated over a period of weeks; new tissue is generated in response to the constant stretch caused by the progressive inflation of this expander. This tissue can be used to reconstruct extirpative or traumatic defects such as those encountered after mastectomy, burn excision, or removal of giant nevi.

Biological Basis of Tissue Expansion

A number of studies support the concept that the increase in skin surface area after expansion is due to the generation of new tissue rather than the stretching of existing skin. In culture, mechanical stress induces fibroblast and epidermal hyperplasia. These cells preserve their phenotype without malignant degeneration. This observation is supported by the fact that there has never been a reported case of skin malignancy secondary to tissue expansion.

From a histological standpoint, adult and pediatric skin responds to expansion in the same manner. Within 1 week of expansion, the epidermis begins to thicken and the dermis thins. The skin appendages do not change. The subcutaneous fat and muscle atrophy. Cellular proliferation reduces the resting tension of the skin over time, enabling another round of expansion to take place. Once the process is complete, the expanded skin eventually returns to its baseline thickness. The vessels of the skin and subcutaneous tissue also resume their pre-expanded size and number; however anecdotally, some flaps demonstrate increased vascularity.

Indications

In general terms, expansion of tissue is used to improve rotation, transposition or advancement of local or regional flaps, or to increase the harvest of full-thickness skin grafts. Recently, tissue expansion has been successfully applied to myocutaneous and free flaps. In adults, aside from their use in breast reconstruction, tissue expanders are used primarily for secondary burn and trauma reconstruction in the head and neck region. In the pediatric population, expanders have been used in a multitude of reconstructive procedures. The most common indication in children is to reconstruct defects left by excision of giant congenital nevi. Tissue expansion is contraindicated in infected skin. Although expansion is possible in radiated or scarred tissue, it is associated with a much higher complication rate and should be avoided whenever possible.

Technique

Expanders come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and there is no absolute ideal expander for a given site or condition. Expanders can have either internal or external filling ports. Most experienced surgeons recommend using remote ports. These should be placed away from the expander. Internal ports have both a higher failure rate and a greater incidence of accidental expander rupture. In children, the use of internal ports is associated with a higher rate of exposure of the expander due to the pressure exerted on the skin by the port. Whenever possible, the incision should be placed within tissue destined to be excised, as in the case of congenital nevi. Straight incisions along the border of the defect should be avoided because this will enlarge the defect and may interfere with flap coverage. An alternative is to use a U- or V-shaped incision that is hidden and remote from the defect. Such incisions should be perpendicular to the direction of expansion in order to maximize skin blood supply. When doing serial expansion, longitudinal blood supply must be preserved. This holds true especially in the trunk and extremities.

The expander should be placed on top of the deep fascia (or subgaleal in the scalp), unless the plan is to incorporate muscle into the expanded flap. The pocket should always be larger than the base diameter of the expander. Blunt dissection in a single fascial plane is safest for preserving blood supply. Most surgeons overinflate tissue expanders beyond the manufacturer’s recommended maximum capacity. Studies have demonstrated that significant overinflation is possible before weakening or rupturing. The rate of inflation is variable and largely based on surgeon preference. Patient comfort and signs of tissue perfusion, such as tension, color, and capillary refill, guide the filling rate. Filling is usually initiated one week after surgery.

Tissue expansion should continue until the expanded area is larger than the defect, because of the length that is lost upon advancement and inset of the flap. The use of rotation and transposition flaps enables the transfer of tension from the tip of the flap more proximally to its base. A single or double back-cut can be performed prior to inset in order to gain extra length. Lastly, the donor site should be closed in layers after the implant capsule is excised. Pre-expansion of distant pedicle- or free-flaps facilitates closure of otherwise tight donor sites.

Intraoperative Expansion

Most surgeons fill the expanders intraoperatively with sufficient saline to eliminate dead space and tamponade raw surfaces to help prevent postoperative bleeding. There is, however, an alternative to traditional prolonged expansion. Immediate intraoperative expansion combined with broad undermining of the defect can help reduce the tension that occurs on the distal parts of a local flap. In rapid expansion, the skin initially expands due to its elasticity and the displacement of interstitial fluid. Within minutes, the alignment of the collagen fibers changes due to the stretch. This process yields up to 20% more tissue for flap coverage. Intraoperative expansion is indicated for relatively small defects, such as in coverage of defects of the ear.

Scalp

Although tissue expansion does not increase the number of hair follicles, the size of the hair-bearing region can be doubled without a noticeable decrease in hair density. As such, tissue expansion may be used a means of treating male pattern baldness in addition to reconstructing the scalp. Expanders are most commonly placed in the occipital or posterior parietal regions. They should be placed under the galea, superficial to the periosteum. It usually requires 6-8 weeks to complete the expansion in adults, and up to 12 weeks in children. Radial scoring of the galea at the time of surgery can speed the process. Once the expansion is complete, flaps are advanced or transposed, ideally based on named arteries of the scalp. It is important to orient flaps so that the correct direction of hair growth is maintained. Although galeal scoring or capuslotomy incisions can be useful, wide undermining is a safer method of recruiting tissue.

Forehead

The brow position is the most important structure to preserve during forehead expansion. When possible, two or more expanders are used with incisions hidden within the hairline. For mid-forehead lesions, bilateral, temporal expanders are used, and the skin is advanced medially based on the superficial temporal arteries. Expanders should be placed deep to the frontalis muscle. Expansion can usually begin 7-10 days postoperatively. When a large forehead flap is required for nasal reconstruction, the forehead skin can be pre-expanded prior to flap transfer.

Face and Neck

The skin of the neck and face is relatively thin. Therefore, multiple expanders with smaller volumes are preferable to a single large expander. In general, however, a single larger expander is preferable to several smaller expanders. Careful planning is essential in determining where to place the expanders, and where incisions should be located. Considerations such as preserving aesthetic units, matching skin color, avoiding distortion of the eyelids and oral commissure, and facial symmetry are all essential. The expander is usually placed above the platysma muscle in order to avoid risk of facial nerve injury and to keep the flap from being excessively bulky. The expanded flaps can be advanced, rotated, or transposed. Incisions should be placed in skin creases such as the nasolabial fold. Expanding the hairless skin adjacent to the mastoid region can increase the available tissue for reconstructive procedures of the ear. The skin above the clavicle can be expanded to provide full-thickness skin grafts to the face.

Trunk

Unlike the head and neck, there are very few critical landmarks on the trunk that must be preserved. Aside from the breast and nipple-areola complex, distortion of the skin and soft tissues of the trunk is well-tolerated. For defects requiring excision, multiple expanders surrounding the defect are often employed. Many myocutaneous flaps of the trunk, such as the latissimus dorsi, TRAM and pectoralis flaps, can be pre-expanded in order to increase their size and facilitate donor site closure. Expanders can also be used to expand the skin of the abdomen for use as a donor site of full-thickness skin grafts.

Extremities

Tissue expansion in the extremities has been reported to have a higher complication rate in comparison to other regions and therefore should not be a first choice among the reconstructive options. The blood supply and drainage of the extremities is inferior to that of the trunk and head. This predisposes limbs, especially below the knee, to an increased rate of infection and wound complications. Multiple expanders are usually required in the extremites.

Complications

Proper placement and filling of tissue expanders has a steep learning curve. With experience, the complication rate drops dramatically. Among all patients, the major complication rate is about 10% and includes implant exposure, deflation, and wound dehiscence. Minor complications also occur in about 10% of patients. These include filling port problems, seroma, hematoma, infection and delayed healing.

Patients under the age of 7 have the highest risk of complications. One explanation for this is that young children are more prone to expander rupture due to external pressure on the expanded skin. Expansion in the extremities caries twice the risk of complication compared to other regions. The use of tissue expansion in burn reconstruction and soft tissue loss has a 15-20% major complication rate, whereas for congenital nevi it is 5-7%. Finally, tissue that has undergone serial expansion (two or more prior expansions) is at a higher risk for a major complication.

Pearls and Pitfalls

Tissue expansion should be avoided in infected fields, in close proximity to a malignancy, in skin-grafted regions, and in skin that has been previously radiated.

Every effort should be made to place the incision as far as possible from the region to be expanded, unless the incision can be incorporated into the tissue that is destined to be excised. If the incision is subject to the tension of expansion, it becomes at risk for dehiscence and hypertrophic scarring.

A key point in tissue expansion is the development of an adequately sized pocket. If the pocket is too small, expansion will likely fail. If the pocket is overly large, the expander can shift positions, resulting in expansion of the wrong tissue. Textured expanders are less likely to shift after placement.

The rate of expansion is variable and depends both on the body site as well as patient factors. Some skin is more amenable to expansion, and some patients can tolerate the discomfort better than others. It is possible to be overly aggressive with the rate of expansion, resulting in overlying skin ischemia, necrosis and ultimately implant extrusion.

As a general rule, the diameter of the expanded flap should be 2-3 times the diameter of the skin that is to be excised

Introducing SlimLipo™ — The Kinder, Gentler Liposuction

As mentioned in a previous post, I was smitten by the new laser-assisted liposuction technologies that I saw at the recent American Society of Plastic Surgeon annual meeting in Chicago. So I ordered the SlimLipo system from Palomar, and have been offering it here in my Duxbury plastic surgery practice since December. The results have been great and as expected — the new laser system actually

Breast Augmentation is Top Plastic Surgery Procedure

According to figures released by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons for 2007, the top five surgical cosmetic procedures in the U.S. are:Breast augmentation (347,500)Liposuction (302,000)Nose reshaping (285,000)Eyelid surgery (241,000)Tummy Tuck (148,000)The top five non-surgical (minimally invasive cosmetic procedures were:Botox (4.6 million!)Hyaluronic acid [facial fillers] (1,051,00)

Meg Ryan - Plastic Surgery and Lip Implants?

I like Meg Ryan. Her roles in When Harry Met Sally and Sleepless in Seattle are classics. But what the heck has happened to her lips???
Her lips do appear to have undergone quite a few changes over the years. She started au naturel (1st photo), then her lips seemed to enlarge and her mouth widen (2nd photo), and fairly recently (3rd and 4th photos) it appears that things are going back towards normal (or nearly that). Here is my take (totally unsubstantiated opinion here):

She appears to have had lip implants placed, most evident in her upper lip. Back in the late 90's many plastic surgeons used Gore Tex implants to "permanently" enlarge the lips.

Demi Moore Laughs Off $3 Million Plastic Surgery Rumor

According to Daily India.com, Demi Moore has laughed off rumors that she's had 3 million dollars worth of plastic surgery. She apparently stated:

"I was in getting a facial recently and there were reports that I had been in there for countless hours, saying I'd had surgical procedures. Am I going to sue? Do I really care?"

Three million dollars worth of plastic surgery is crazy. Currently I charge about $7000 for a breast augmentation (gel implants). If you divide that by $3 million, that means she'd have the equivalent of... a ton of breast augmentation surgeries! Now, some other surgeons charge more than me (the Michigan economy is currently in the toilet so I don't charge exorbitant fees), but I still believe the rumor is likely false.

Breast Plastic Surgery the Top Surgical Procedure of 2006

Plastic Surgery News | Breast Implants | Bad Plastic SurgeryContact DISCLAIMER
Breast Plastic Surgery the Top Surgical Procedure of 2006
Breast Plastic Surgery is a surgery designed to enlarge the breasts. This breast enlargement surgery is frequently sought by women who are unhappy with the small size of their breasts, sometimes after pregnancy or weight loss.

Breast augmentation consists of making an incision, lifting the breast tissue, creating a pocket in the chest/breast area, and placing an envelope containing a soft, natural feeling implant material underneath (breast implant).

The best candidates for breast augmentation are:

18 years of age or older
Not currently pregnant or nursing
In good physical health
Psychologically stable
Wanting to improve their appearance
Realistic in their expectations
Having this surgery for the first time

Victoria Beckham breast implants,aewsome plastic surgery

With breast implants or without them Victoria Bechham remains goargeous woman.

Constantly searching and experimenting with her style Posh Spice doesnt stop to exite us. Still…what has been most exiting lately are those two round breast implants, looking like two grapefruit halves.